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Termites are known to carry pollen and frequently see flowers,177 so are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One blossom in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it's perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have developed powerful defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they've passed the seedling stage.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This lowers the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept close to the infusion, they get disoriented and eventually perish.181.
Termite populations can be substantially impacted by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian research investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites were present in the three sites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most badly affected feeding team. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two components, both the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is that the structure itself, which is constructed from the termites. Nests can be broadly divided into three main categories: subterranean (completely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (built above ground, but constantly connected to the ground via shield tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the ground with ground contact and are made out of earth and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of today nest in wooden constructions such as logs, stumps and the dead parts of trees, as did termites millions of years back.184.
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To build their nests, termites primarily utilize faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and soil, used in subterranean nest and the original source mound construction. Not many nests are visible, as many nests in tropical forests are located underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are great examples of subterranean nest contractors, as they only dwell inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds shield the termites' delicate bodies against desiccation, basics light, pathogens and parasites, as well as providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made out of carton are particularly weak, and so the inhabitants utilize counter-attack approaches against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change results from bacterial decay in the gut of their termites: they utilize their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for as much as 2% of above ground carbon storage in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the planet's surface. A mound provides termites the same protection for a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds located in areas having torrential and continuous rainfall are in danger of mound erosion due to their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can offer protection against the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation.
For instance, Cubitermes colonies construct narrow tunnels utilized as strong points, since the diameter of the tunnels is small enough for troops to obstruct.192 A highly secure chamber, known as the"queens cell", houses the queen and king and is used as a final line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complicated structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the biggest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 feet), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can build nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8Â ft ) wide.
The sculptured mounds occasionally have fancy and distinctive types, such as the ones of their compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which assembles tall, wedge-shaped mounds using the long axis oriented approximately northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to help thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase rapidly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun.